代詞這個(gè)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)讓很多學(xué)生都比較頭疼,根據(jù)歷年來(lái)SAT在代詞這方面的考查點(diǎn)來(lái)看,從大方向上來(lái)說(shuō),它就只在一個(gè)地方刁難學(xué)生,那就是指代不明。那么怎樣攻克這個(gè)難點(diǎn)以保證指代明確呢?大家需要牢記四點(diǎn):一是代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“數(shù)”的一致,二是代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“性”的一致,三是代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“人稱(chēng)”的一致,四是注意代詞的格。
首先,代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“數(shù)”的一致是指代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其先行項(xiàng)決定,同單同復(fù),夫唱婦隨。那么什么是先行項(xiàng)呢?先行項(xiàng)是指,代詞在句中要指代的那個(gè)詞,即指代對(duì)象。
比如:Just as (A) some teenagers adore video games, so others (B) condemn it (C) as an utter (D) waste time. No error (E)在本題中,A選項(xiàng)沒(méi)錯(cuò),just as…so…這是固定句型,沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)也沒(méi)有錯(cuò),因?yàn)榍懊嬲f(shuō)some teenagers,后面搭配others,沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,是說(shuō)一些青少年怎么樣,另一些青少年又怎么樣。C選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了it,有沒(méi)有問(wèn)題呢?既然出現(xiàn)了代詞,那么上文就一定有指代對(duì)象,上文中就只有兩個(gè)名詞,一個(gè)是teenagers一個(gè)games,全是復(fù)數(shù),說(shuō)明it有錯(cuò),那么it到底指什么呢?it 指代games,因?yàn)閕t是一個(gè)物主代詞,所以肯定不指人,它指代games,那么games就是先行項(xiàng),先行項(xiàng)和代詞要同單同復(fù),夫唱婦隨,那么it就要改成them。D選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有錯(cuò),形容詞修飾后面的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)“waste time”,是說(shuō)完全是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。所以,當(dāng)代詞有問(wèn)題時(shí),一定要找清楚它的先行項(xiàng),然后再確定代詞和先行項(xiàng)有沒(méi)有保持“數(shù)”的一致。
其次,代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“性”的一致是指代詞的“性別”由其先行項(xiàng)的“性別”來(lái)決定,同男同女,夫唱婦隨。
比如:When Sheila and Lucy visited the restaurant, she noticed that the menu had changed and that their favorite dish was no longer offered.
A. she noticed that the menu had changed
B. she notices that the menu has changed
C. Sheila has noticed the menu changed
D. Sheila had noticed the menu changing
E. Sheila noticed that the menu had changed
在這道題目中,當(dāng)讀到劃線部分第一個(gè)單詞she的時(shí)候,大家就應(yīng)該立馬反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái),she有問(wèn)題。雖然句子中兩個(gè)主角Sheila和Lucy都是女性,但就是因?yàn)槿绱耍詓he出現(xiàn)了指代不明的現(xiàn)象,我們并不知道she是指Sheila還是Lucy,所以,只要把劃線部分的she改成明確的指代對(duì)象,句子就沒(méi)有問(wèn)題了,縱觀答案,C、D、E單個(gè)選項(xiàng)都改成了明確的Sheila,不過(guò)只有E選項(xiàng)正確。SAT語(yǔ)法部分的改進(jìn)句子題,只需要把劃線部分不對(duì)或者不好的地方改對(duì)改好就行,剩余部分要忠于原句。所以C、D畫(huà)蛇添足,反而都出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題。
第三,代詞與其先行項(xiàng)要保持“人稱(chēng)”的一致是指代詞的人稱(chēng)形式由其先行項(xiàng)的人稱(chēng)形式?jīng)Q定,同我同你同他,夫唱婦隨。
比如:Because each year our children spending increasingly more time in front of computer monitors and television screen, you need to limit their viewing hours and encourage them to go outdoors and play.
A. you need to limit their viewing hours and encourage them to go outdoors and play
B. one needs to limit our viewing hours and encourage ourselves to go outdoors and play
C. it is necessary that their viewing hours should be limited and they themselves be encouraged to go outdoors and play
D. we need to limit their viewing hours and encourage them to go outdoors and play
E. you need to limit their viewing hours and encourage them to go outsides and play
在本題中,劃線部分出現(xiàn)的代詞有you,their和them,那么上文中一定有其先行項(xiàng),通讀之后,their和them都跟our children有關(guān),而you找不到它的先行項(xiàng),說(shuō)明you有問(wèn)題。這句話是說(shuō)“因?yàn)槊磕晡覀兊暮⒆訒?huì)在電腦和電視上的時(shí)間越來(lái)越多,所以你要限制他們的看電腦看電視的時(shí)間,鼓勵(lì)他們到戶外去玩。”我們的孩子怎么樣,跟“你”并沒(méi)有關(guān)系,不是“你”來(lái)限制他們的時(shí)間而應(yīng)該是“我們”自己去限制,所以應(yīng)該將you改成we,縱觀答案,只有D選項(xiàng)合適。
第四,代詞的“格”是指代詞的主格、賓格和所有格。代詞用什么“格”要看代詞在句中做什么成分,代詞在句中做什么成分又要看它指代的先行項(xiàng)在句中是什么成分,所以,代詞的先行項(xiàng)是主語(yǔ),那么代詞就用主格形式;先行項(xiàng)是賓語(yǔ),代詞就用賓格形式;先行項(xiàng)是表所有的,那么代詞用所有格形式。
關(guān)于代詞,大家一定要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待,時(shí)刻牢記這四點(diǎn),代詞要與其先行項(xiàng)保持“數(shù)”、“性”、“人稱(chēng)”的一致,要注意代詞的“格”的形式。
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