Ib國(guó)際文憑是很多國(guó)際上著名大學(xué)所認(rèn)可的，但是要想獲取文憑，需要參加ib課程培訓(xùn)并進(jìn)行ib考試，考試合格后才能獲取ib國(guó)際文憑，那么ib課程要如何學(xué)習(xí)呢?下面一起和國(guó)際學(xué)校網(wǎng)小編來(lái)了解一下。

　　IB Environmental Systems

　　Topic 1: System and Models

　　system – a collection of interrelated parts that work together by way of some driving process.

　　surroundings – everything around the system being studied

　　open system – exchanges energy and matter with surroundings. Most ecosystems are open.

　　closed system – exchanges energy but not matter with surroundings. Our planet is [usually] closed.

　　isolated system – exchanges neither energy nor matter with surroundings. Laboratory experiments are usually isolated.

　　- First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of energy.

　　Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. There is a fixed amount of energy in the universe. Therefore living organisms must get their required energy from their environment and surroundings.

　　-Second Law of Thermodynamics: In an isolated system entropy tends to increase spontaneously.

　　When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy is degraded into less-usable heat which disperses into the environment. Thus the amount of energy remains the same, but its usability decreases.

　　Entropy measures the amount of disorder in the universe – usable energy is more organized whereas less-usable energy is more diffuse/disorganized. Entropy increases naturally, or spontaneously.

　　Equilibrium – A state of balance among the components of a system

　　Stable equilibrium - The condition of a system in which there is a tendency for it to return to a previous equilibrial condition following disturbance

　　Steady-state equilibrium – The condition of an open system in which there are no changes over the longer term, but in which there may be oscillations in the very short term. There are continuing inputs and outputs of matter and energy, but the system as a whole remains in a more-or-less constant state.

　　Dynamic equilibrium – there is no specific ‘average’ state; the system has different average states at different times. After a disturbance, the system may move to a different ‘average’ state.

　　以上就是關(guān)于ib課程學(xué)習(xí)的介紹，希望本篇文章能為您了解ib考試與ib國(guó)際文憑帶來(lái)幫助，如果您還有哪些疑問(wèn)，可以與在現(xiàn)在咨詢專家進(jìn)行交流和溝通。

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